مجله سلامت و بهداشت
سال چهاردهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 58، پاییز 1402)

Investigating the antimicrobial effects of medicinal plant extracts is important in terms of efficiency in removing or reducing water and wastewater bacteria. Plant extract can be used as a natural and affordable disinfectant. This study aims to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum lethal concentration (MBC) based on the extracts of Thymus vulgaris and Nepeta binaloudensis medicinal plants.

The type of study in this research was experimental and of laboratory type. Water samples containing bacteria were used as the studied population. To carry out this research, three types of ethanolic, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts related to the aerial parts of two medicinal plants, Thymus vulgaris and Nepeta binaloudensis, were prepared using rotary and seven standard bactericidal strains relating to water and wastewater were investigated. Five different concentrations of 3.1, 6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 ppm were used on bacteria to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum lethal concentration (MBC) by microdilution method. SPSS16 software and a one-way variance test were used for data analysis.

The results showed that for the Thymus vulgaris plant, the lowest inhibitory concentration and the lowest lethal concentration are related to all three types of extracts. Therefore, Listeria monocytogenes and Shigella dysenteriae bacteria were inhibited and eliminated at concentrations of 3.1 ppm and 6.25 ppm, respectively. The lowest inhibitory concentration and the lowest lethal concentration were related to the extract of chloroform and ethyl acetate, which inhibited and eliminated Shigella dysenteriae and E. coli bacteria at concentrations of 3.1 and 6.25 ppm, respectively. The ethanolic extract of St. John's wort did not affect Shigella dysenteriae bacteria.

This study showed that the Thymus vulgaris plant has better potential for antibacterial properties and disinfection for water and wastewater. Therefore, the compounds of this plant can be used for future studies to design an antimicrobial agent as an alternative to chemical disinfectants.

Every society has a degree of media literacy about health, and the media are the most prominent educators, especially in health. In the meantime, the nature of the jobs of hospital and medical training centre employees is such that they always face health challenges. Since the close relationship between media and human health is undeniable, this research aimed to present a health promotion model based on the media literacy of the educational staff of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences.

The research method was a qualitative content analysis based on "grounded theory", and the research tool was a semi-structured in-depth interview with the statistical community consisting of experts and prominent professors in the field of health and media, with a purposeful method compared to the selection of statistical samples. The theoretical saturation step was carried out in the data with ten samples. Data analysis was done through coding inspired by Glosser's theory and using MaxQDA software, and then the categories related to the model were extracted.

According to the results, in open coding, there were 258 primary codes; in axial coding, 44 major categories; and in selective coding, eight core categories in the form of causal, contextual, intervening conditions, strategies/measures, consequence and central phenomenon. (Health based on media literacy) were classified. To achieve the research goals based on data-based theorizing, health literacy is the main phenomenon as a logical model. It relies on its understanding of conditions (causal, contextual and intervening), specific strategies/measures and consequences.

The research results show that by moving towards this model, we can witness a fundamental improvement in health based on the media literacy of the educational staff of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences.

The impact of human resource management is very important in the success of hospitals in providing quality and safe services. Currently, the status of human resources management components is assessed through the accreditation program in hospitals. This research was conducted along with the pathology of accreditation standards, aiming to present a human resources management model in Hamadan University of Medical Sciences hospitals.

This research is applied and exploratory in terms of its purpose. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected from the selected statistical community of the employees and managers of the hospitals of Hamedan University of Medical Sciences in 2022 using a questionnaire. To analyze the data, open coding, axial coding and selective coding, Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, one-sample T, Kendall's coefficient, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equations were used by SPSS version 25 and PLS version 3 software.

The model presented in the study includes three dimensions (structural, behavioural and contextual), 84 components and 13 indicators. There is a direct and meaningful relationship between the dimensions, components and indicators of the human resources management model of Hamedan University of Medical Sciences hospitals. In examining the fit of the model, the quality of the structural model of the research was evaluated as strong.

The functions of human resources are related to each other based on the components of each of the three structural, behavioural and contextual dimensions. In addition, indicators in the field of human resources can cause the growth and development of the working forces in hospitals. Managers of hospitals should have a correct analysis of their structural situation and organizational framework to better understand possible damages to it.

Outsourcing refers to the transfer of services or functions (which are traditionally performed by the organisation itself) to an external supplier, and their control is done through a contract or cooperative management. This study aimed to explain the medical service operations outsourcing process model based on the good governance approach.

In this research, a grounded theory approach was used. The population and statistical sample of the qualitative stage were ten senior managers of medical sciences universities in Region 2 who were interviewed. Coding was done in three basic steps according to the analysis results. The research questions obtained were categorised into six factors. Therefore, all the identified factors are part of the outsourcing process model of medical service operations. According to the model and the results of the measured models, all the research tools had a suitable and acceptable fit.

The study examined the outsourcing process model of treatment service operations and identified various components, influential consequences, effective causal factors, effective intervening factors, effective background factors, and strategies for management. The components of the outsourcing process model included organizational management; patients demand management, financial resources management, human resource management, business process management, information technology, and management of service accessibility by patients. The influential consequences of the model included the integration of intra-organizational services and the integration of extra-organizational services. The effective causal factors of the model included the management system and synchronization of the workforce with customer-oriented services. The effective intervening factors of the model included technical and specialized knowledge, supervisory system, organizational policies, regulations and laws, and notification system. The effective background factors of the model included the service supply and demand system, investment, and prevailing competitive conditions. Lastly, the strategies for management included professional ethics and spiritualism.

With a qualitative approach, this research has presented the pattern of the process of outsourcing treatment services operations based on the good governance approach in the form of a theory, and through it, the efficiency of treatment service outsourcing can be well interpreted and explained.

Water resources are often exposed to pollutants related to urban waste disposal. This study aimed to determine the quality of water sources around the landfill of Langrod City in 2021.

This cross-sectional study selected two springs upstream, two water sources (well and spring) downstream of the landfill site, and a river (with two sampling stations) near the landfill site as the studied water sources. Sampling and analysis of physical (temperature, turbidity and TSS), chemical (pH, EC, TDS, BOD5, COD, nitrate, sulfate and heavy metals) and microbial (coliform and E.coli) parameters of water quality and soil samples of the region with Standard methods were performed. The data were analyzed by comparison with Iranian standards, Schuler and Wilcox indices.

In all water samples, the turbidity was more than the desired level, and the concentration of all chemical parameters was lower than MCL in the Iranian standard for drinking and irrigation. In the downstream well of the landfill, the total concentration of nitrite and nitrate measured compared to the recommended values in drinking water was almost four times the Iranian standard. The number of coliform and E. coli in all water sources was higher than the permissible limit of Iran's standard for drinking. The quality of all water samples, based on the Schuler diagram (drinking), was acceptable to good, and according to the Wilcox index, except for the downstream river of the landfill, they were in the medium salty category and were relatively suitable for agriculture.

The quality of water sources upstream and downstream of the Langrod urban waste landfill site was similar, and the water quality of the river downstream of the landfill was high salty and suitable for agriculture with the necessary considerations (drainage).

Considering that many risk factors of non-communicable diseases are rooted in people's lifestyles, the role and importance of society's participation in preventing and controlling these diseases is more evident than before. The present study was conducted to design and determine the validity and reliability of a questionnaire on ways to attract community participation in preventing and managing non-communicable diseases.

This descriptive-applied study was conducted in 2022. The initial questionnaire was prepared based on the data from a combined research consisting of comparative study stages, interviews with experts and Delphi. Content validity was measured using a panel of 15 experts, the content validity ratio (CVR), and the content validity index (CVI). The test-retest method was utilized to determine the reliability of the questionnaire in a sample of 30 people. Data analysis was done using SPSS 20 software.

The final questionnaire with 52 items to attract people's participation in preventing non-communicable diseases was confirmed with a total content validity index score of 0.98 and a content validity ratio of 0.84. The results of Spearman's correlation coefficients for the seven questionnaire dimensions showed the acceptable reliability of the questionnaire components.

Since the designed questionnaire obtained acceptable validity and reliability, it can be used confidently to determine community participation requirements in preventing non-communicable diseases.

With the emergence of the new disease of COVID-19, it seemed necessary to explore the application of teaching methods to provide methods of study, treatment, prevention, and new medical findings, including the production of drugs and vaccines. This study aims to investigate the application of new teaching methods in medical education, which are rarely used in medical education, to improve the quality of medical education.

This research is a comprehensive review study in which related articles were searched and collected using reliable databases such as Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science. After examining teaching approaches, new teaching methods were extracted, and their application in medical science education was studied.

Based on the findings of the research, using new teaching methods such as concept maps, team-based, games, and clinical environments, based on the best evidence, electronic and combined in medical science education, can add skills of critical thinking, problem-solving, decision-making, interpersonal skills, learning and improvement of human resources.

Using new teaching methods in medical education can facilitate and deepen learning and knowledge exchange and ultimately increase the achievement of educational goals by increasing learners' motivation, improving the level of learning, group interaction, team decision-making, and better understanding of concepts and problem-solving. In the era of emerging epidemics such as Corona, where even the need to create transnational educational approaches seems necessary, and the field of application of these methods can be expanded and strengthened.

 The issue of child health is considered one of the essential priorities of the health policy makers of countries around the world. Therefore, to reflect the results of implementing a comprehensive program on children's health, the present study assessed the effect of a new integrated care package for healthy children on children's health indicators. 

 This descriptive and analytical study was conducted cross-sectionally and comprehensively in the population of children under five years of age (during 1398-1400) in 1401. Data collection tools included information collection checklists based on research objectives. The data were calculated as percentages and amounts and analyzed with the Wilcoxon test and SPSS-26 software at an error level of less than 0.05.

Between the implementation of the healthy child program and the mortality rate of children under one-year-old (p=0.025), under five years mortality rate (p=0.002), 1-59 months mortality rate (p=0.008 p-value), developmental screening of children (p= 0.001), vaccination coverage (p=0.001) and child care coverage (p=0.005) a significant relationship was obtained, but with the infant mortality rate (p=0.317) and child's visit by a doctor (p=0.083) no significant association was observed.

 Implementing the new healthy child package reduces mortality indicators and increases care indicators and developmental screenings of children. Since health indicators are one of the most important criteria in evaluating the health of society, implementing the new child package is necessary to be healthy qualitatively and quantitatively.

Coronavirus is one of the respiratory pathogens that may cause from a mild cold to more severe diseases. According to studies, there is a relationship between smoking and the severity of the disease caused by this virus. However, people's awareness about this connection needs to be clarified. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the level of awareness among the businesspeople of Ardabil City about the relationship between smoking and hookah smoking and the COVID-19 disease and its related factors.

This study was descriptive-analytical research conducted on 380 people from the businesspeople of Ardabil city, who were selected using the available sampling method. In order to collect data, a demographic information form and a researcher-made questionnaire about the relationship between tobacco use and COVID-19 disease were used, the validity and reliability of which were confirmed. Data was entered into SPSS software version 25 and analyzed using descriptive (number, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential (independent t-tests and Spearman correlation coefficient).

A total of 376 people were included in this study. The average age of the study subjects was 36.88±11.49 years. Out of 376 people, 189 people (50.3%) were smoking. The average score of the participants' awareness about the relationship between smoking and hookah usage with the COVID-19 disease was 11.35±5.58 (out of 22 points). The level of awareness of female participants was significantly higher than that of men, and with increasing age, the level of awareness increased (p<0.05). No significant relationship was observed between people's knowledge score and their level of education and occupation.

Considering the moderate awareness of the participants about the relationship between smoking and hookah and the disease COVID-19, people in the community need more education in this field. The correct education of people requires the actions of health policymakers, which can be done by producing brochures, holding online meetings, using social networks and with the participation of union officials.